{"id":88,"date":"2020-03-27T10:00:47","date_gmt":"2020-03-27T02:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/?page_id=88"},"modified":"2020-03-27T11:24:48","modified_gmt":"2020-03-27T03:24:48","slug":"manchu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/manchu\/","title":{"rendered":"Manchu"},"content":{"rendered":"

History<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

According to the Veritable Records<\/em> (Manchu: Manju-i Yargiyan Kooli<\/em>; Chinese: \u6ee1\u6d32\u5b9e\u5f55; pinyin: M\u01cenzh\u014du Sh\u00edl\u00f9<\/em>), in 1599 the Manchu leader Nurhaqi<\/strong> (Nurhaci) decided to convert the Mongolian alphabet to make it suitable for the Manchu people. He decried the fact that while illiterate Han Chinese and Mongolians could understand their respective languages when read aloud, that was not the case for the Manchus, whose documents were recorded by Mongolian scribes. Overriding the objections of two advisors named Erdeni<\/strong> and G\u2019ag\u2019ai<\/strong>, he is credited with adapting the Mongolian script to Manchu. The resulting script was known as tongki fuka aku\u2019 hergen<\/em> (\u201cscript without dots and circles\u201d).<\/p>\n

Revision<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In 1632, Dahai<\/strong> added diacritical marks to clear up a lot of the ambiguity present in the original Mongolian script; for instance, a leading k, g, and h are distinguished by the placement of no diacritical mark, a dot, and a circle respectively. This revision created the Standard script, known as tongki fuka sindaha hergen<\/em> (\u201cscript with dots and circles\u201d). As a result, the Manchu alphabet contains nearly no ambiguity. Recently discovered manuscripts from the 1620s make clear, however, that the addition of dots and circles to Manchu script began before their supposed introduction by Dahai.<\/p>\n

Dahai also added ten graphemes (tulergi hergen<\/em>: \u201cforeign (outer) letters\u201d), to allow Manchu to be used to write Chinese loanwords. Previously, these words contained sounds that did not have corresponding letters in Manchu. Sounds that were transliterated included the aspirated sounds k\u2019<\/em><\/span>, g\u2019<\/em><\/span>, h\u2019<\/em><\/span>; c<\/em><\/span> (Chinese pinyin: c); ci\u2019<\/em><\/span> (Chinese pinyin: ci); si\u2019<\/em><\/span> (Chinese pinyin: si); z<\/em><\/span> (Chinese pinyin: z); c\u2019i<\/em><\/span> (Chinese pinyin: chi); j\u2019i<\/em><\/span> (Chinese pinyin: zhi); and r\u2019<\/em><\/span> (Chinese pinyin: r).<\/p>\n

\"\"Sequel<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In 1947, Manchu was slightly adapted to Sibe script. In fact, Manchu and Sibe are the same script with slightly different orthographies.<\/p>\n

Application<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

During the time of the Qing dynasty, Daur has been written with the Manchu alphabet.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

the Development and Inclusion Relation of Mongolic Letters<\/p>\n

The above figure shows all the scripts of Mongolic letters. The scripts in green bold<\/strong><\/span> style are still in use now. The scripts in red italic<\/em><\/span> style are not in use or seldom used now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

History According to the Veritable Records (Manchu: Manju-i Yargiyan Kooli; Chinese: \u6ee1\u6d32\u5b9e\u5f55; pinyin: M\u01cenzh\u014du Sh\u00edl\u00f9), in 1599 the Manchu leader…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template\/page\/fullwidth.php","meta":{"bgseo_title":"","bgseo_description":"","bgseo_robots_index":"index","bgseo_robots_follow":"follow","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-88","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/88","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/88\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":89,"href":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/88\/revisions\/89"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abkai.net\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}